Author: Andy

  • Evolving Organic Tesseralia A1

    Evolving Organic Tesseralia A1

    A collection with beautiful 3D evolving organic natural style abstract entities.
    This is the FIRST ITEM of this collection and could actually be a plant from another planet…

  • Idioms Translator Privacy Policy

    Idiomatic Expressions Translator Project

    Privacy Policy

    At this moment this Application does not collect Personal Data from its Users.

    This document can be printed for reference by using the print command in the settings of any browser.

    We will update this document if or when the app will change this status.

  • List of cities/towns in the United Kingdom in JSON format

    I created this article because I needed all the cities in UK in a JSON file and I couldn’t actually find anything good, so I compiled one from the web and thought to save it in case someone else needs it.

    It’s very good for all kinds of form integrations, web apps, form validations etc. It has a “city-county” structure which I think it’s the most useful, but if you only need the cities, you can easily replace the counties with a find-replace action in your text editor.

    As a note, the cities/towns are ordered alphabetically and the list includes the ones that were abolished in the 90s.
    Also, at the end of the list, there are a few ones that were newly designated.

    The main page I got the info from is the wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England.

    So, here’s the JSON:

    
    {
    "Abingdon-on-Thames" :	"Oxfordshire",
    "Accrington" : "Lancashire",
    "Acle" : "Norfolk",
    "Acton" : "Greater London",
    "Adlington" : "Lancashire",
    "Alcester" : "Warwickshire",
    "Aldeburgh" : "Suffolk",
    "Aldershot" : "Hampshire",
    "Alford" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Alfreton" : "Derbyshire",
    "Alnwick" : "Northumberland",
    "Alsager" : "Cheshire",
    "Alston" : "Cumbria",
    "Alton" : "Hampshire",
    "Altrincham" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Amble" : "Northumberland",
    "Ambleside" : "Cumbria",
    "Amersham" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Amesbury" : "Wiltshire",
    "Ampthill" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Andover" : "Hampshire",
    "Appleby-in-Westmorland" : "Cumbria",
    "Arlesey" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Arundel" : "West Sussex",
    "Ashbourne" : "Derbyshire",
    "Ashburton" : "Devon",
    "Ashby-de-la-Zouch" : "Leicestershire",
    "Ashford" : "Kent",
    "Ashington" : "Northumberland",
    "Ashton-under-Lyne" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Askern" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Atherstone" : "Warwickshire",
    "Attleborough" : "Norfolk",
    "Axbridge" : "Somerset",
    "Axminster" : "Devon",
    "Aylesbury" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Aylsham" : "Norfolk",
    "Bacup" : "Lancashire",
    "Bakewell" : "Derbyshire",
    "Bampton" : "Devon",
    "Banbury" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Barking" : "Greater London",
    "Barnard Castle" : "Durham",
    "Barnes" : "Greater London",
    "Barnet" : "Greater London",
    "Barnoldswick" : "Lancashire",
    "Barnsley" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Barnstaple" : "Devon",
    "Barrow-in-Furness" : "Cumbria",
    "Barton-upon-Humber" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Basingstoke" : "Hampshire",
    "Batley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Battle" : "East Sussex",
    "Bawtry" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Beaconsfield" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Beaminster" : "Dorset",
    "Bebington" : "Merseyside",
    "Beccles" : "Suffolk",
    "Beckenham" : "Greater London",
    "Bedale" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Bedford" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Bedworth" : "Warwickshire",
    "Belper" : "Derbyshire",
    "Bentham" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Berkeley" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Berkhamsted" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Berwick-upon-Tweed" : "Northumberland",
    "Beverley" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Bewdley" : "Worcestershire",
    "Bexhill-on-Sea" : "East Sussex",
    "Bexley" : "Greater London",
    "Bicester" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Biddulph" : "Staffordshire",
    "Bideford" : "Devon",
    "Biggleswade" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Billericay" : "Essex",
    "Billingham" : "Durham",
    "Bilston" : "West Midlands",
    "Bingham" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Bingley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Birchwood" : "Cheshire",
    "Birkenhead" : "Merseyside",
    "Bishop Auckland" : "Durham",
    "Bishop's Castle" : "Shropshire",
    "Bishop's Stortford" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Bishop's Waltham" : "Hampshire",
    "Blackburn" : "Lancashire",
    "Blackpool" : "Lancashire",
    "Blackrod" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Blackwater and Hawley" : "Hampshire",
    "Blandford Forum" : "Dorset",
    "Bletchley and Fenny Stratford" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Blyth" : "Northumberland",
    "Bodmin" : "Cornwall",
    "Bognor Regis" : "West Sussex",
    "Bollington" : "Cheshire",
    "Bolsover" : "Derbyshire",
    "Bolton" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Bootle" : "Merseyside",
    "Bordon" : "Hampshire",
    "Boroughbridge" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Boston" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Bottesford" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Bourne" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Bournemouth" : "Dorset",
    "Bovey Tracey" : "Devon",
    "Brackley" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Bradford-on-Avon" : "Wiltshire",
    "Brading" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Bradley Stoke" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Bradninch" : "Devon",
    "Braintree" : "Essex",
    "Brampton" : "Cumbria",
    "Brandon" : "Suffolk",
    "Braunstone Town" : "Leicestershire",
    "Brentford" : "Greater London",
    "Brentwood" : "Essex",
    "Brewood" : "Staffordshire",
    "Bridgnorth" : "Shropshire",
    "Bridgwater" : "Somerset",
    "Bridlington" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Bridport" : "Dorset",
    "Brierfield" : "Lancashire",
    "Brierley" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Brigg" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Brighouse" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Brightlingsea" : "Essex",
    "Brixham" : "Devon",
    "Broadstairs and St Peter's" : "Kent",
    "Bromborough" : "Merseyside",
    "Bromley" : "Greater London",
    "Bromsgrove" : "Worcestershire",
    "Bromyard" : "Herefordshire",
    "Broseley" : "Shropshire",
    "Brough" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Broughton" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Broughton-in-Furness" : "Cumbria",
    "Bruton" : "Somerset",
    "Buckfastleigh" : "Devon",
    "Buckingham" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Bude-Stratton" : "Cornwall",
    "Budleigh Salterton" : "Devon",
    "Bulwell" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Bungay" : "Suffolk",
    "Buntingford" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Burford" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Burgess Hill" : "West Sussex",
    "Burgh-le-Marsh" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Burnham-on-Crouch" : "Essex",
    "Burnham-on-Sea" : "Somerset",
    "Burnley" : "Lancashire",
    "Burntwood" : "Staffordshire",
    "Burslem" : "Staffordshire",
    "Burton Latimer" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Burton upon Trent" : "Staffordshire",
    "Bury" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Bury St Edmunds" : "Suffolk",
    "Bushey" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Buxton" : "Derbyshire",
    "Caistor" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Callington" : "Cornwall",
    "Calne" : "Wiltshire",
    "Camborne" : "Cornwall",
    "Camelford" : "Cornwall",
    "Cannock" : "Staffordshire",
    "Canvey Island" : "Essex",
    "Carnforth" : "Lancashire",
    "Carlton Colville" : "Suffolk",
    "Carshalton" : "Greater London",
    "Carterton" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Castle Cary" : "Somerset",
    "Castleford" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Chagford" : "Devon",
    "Chapel-en-le-Frith" : "Derbyshire",
    "Chard" : "Somerset",
    "Charlbury" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Chatham" : "Kent",
    "Chatteris" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Cheadle" : "Staffordshire",
    "Cheltenham" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Chertsey" : "Surrey",
    "Chesham" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Cheshunt" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Chesterfield" : "Derbyshire",
    "Chester-le-Street" : "Durham",
    "Chickerell" : "Dorset",
    "Chilton" : "County Durham",
    "Chingford" : "Greater London",
    "Chippenham" : "Wiltshire",
    "Chipping Campden" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Chipping Norton" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Chipping Sodbury" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Chiswick" : "Greater London",
    "Chorley" : "Lancashire",
    "Chorleywood" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Christchurch" : "Dorset",
    "Chudleigh" : "Devon",
    "Chulmleigh" : "Devon",
    "Church Stretton" : "Shropshire",
    "Cinderford" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Cirencester" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Clare" : "Suffolk",
    "Clay Cross" : "Derbyshire",
    "Cleator Moor" : "Cumbria",
    "Cleckheaton" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Cleethorpes" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Cleobury Mortimer" : "Shropshire",
    "Clevedon" : "Somerset",
    "Clitheroe" : "Lancashire",
    "Clun" : "Shropshire",
    "Coalville" : "Leicestershire",
    "Cockermouth" : "Cumbria",
    "Coggeshall" : "Essex",
    "Colburn" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Colchester" : "Essex",
    "Coleford" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Coleshill" : "Warwickshire",
    "Colne" : "Lancashire",
    "Colyton" : "Devon",
    "Congleton" : "Cheshire",
    "Conisbrough" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Corbridge" : "Northumberland",
    "Corby" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Corringham" : "Essex",
    "Corsham" : "Wiltshire",
    "Cosham" : "Hampshire",
    "Cotgrave" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Cowes" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Coulsdon" : "Greater London",
    "Cramlington" : "Northumberland",
    "Cranbrook" : "Kent",
    "Craven Arms" : "Shropshire",
    "Crawley" : "West Sussex",
    "Crediton" : "Devon",
    "Crewe" : "Cheshire",
    "Crewkerne" : "Somerset",
    "Cricklade" : "Wiltshire",
    "Cromer" : "Norfolk",
    "Crook" : "County Durham",
    "Crosby" : "Merseyside",
    "Crowborough" : "East Sussex",
    "Croydon" : "Greater London",
    "Crowland" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Crowle" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Cullompton" : "Devon",
    "Dagenham" : "Greater London",
    "Dalton-in-Furness" : "Cumbria",
    "Darley Dale" : "Derbyshire",
    "Darlington" : "Durham",
    "Dartmouth" : "Devon",
    "Darwen" : "Lancashire",
    "Daventry" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Dawley" : "Shropshire",
    "Dawlish" : "Devon",
    "Deal" : "Kent",
    "Denholme" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Dereham" : "Norfolk",
    "Desborough" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Devizes" : "Wiltshire",
    "Dewsbury" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Didcot" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Dinnington St Johns" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Diss" : "Norfolk",
    "Doncaster" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Dorchester" : "Dorset",
    "Dorking" : "Surrey",
    "Dover" : "Kent",
    "Dovercourt" : "Essex",
    "Downham Market" : "Norfolk",
    "Driffield" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Droitwich Spa" : "Worcestershire",
    "Dronfield" : "Derbyshire",
    "Dudley" : "West Midlands",
    "Dukinfield" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Dulverton" : "Somerset",
    "Dunstable" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Dunwich" : "Suffolk",
    "Dursley" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Ealing" : "Greater London",
    "Earby" : "Lancashire",
    "Earl Shilton" : "Leicestershire",
    "Earley" : "Berkshire",
    "Easingwold" : "North Yorkshire",
    "East Cowes" : "Isle of Wight",
    "East Grinstead" : "West Sussex",
    "East Ham" : "Greater London",
    "Eastbourne" : "East Sussex",
    "Eastleigh" : "Hampshire",
    "East Retford" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Eastwood" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Eccles" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Eccleshall" : "Staffordshire",
    "Edenbridge" : "Kent",
    "Edgware" : "Greater London",
    "Edmonton" : "Greater London",
    "Egremont" : "Cumbria",
    "Elland" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Ellesmere" : "Shropshire",
    "Ellesmere Port" : "Cheshire",
    "Elstree and Borehamwood" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Emsworth" : "Hampshire",
    "Enfield" : "Greater London",
    "Epping" : "Essex",
    "Epsom and Ewell" : "Surrey",
    "Epworth" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Erith" : "Greater London",
    "Eton" : "Berkshire",
    "Evesham" : "Worcestershire",
    "Exmouth" : "Devon",
    "Eye" : "Suffolk",
    "Fairford" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Fakenham" : "Norfolk",
    "Falmouth" : "Cornwall",
    "Fareham" : "Hampshire",
    "Faringdon" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Farnborough" : "Hampshire",
    "Farnham" : "Surrey",
    "Faversham" : "Kent",
    "Fazeley" : "Staffordshire",
    "Featherstone" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Felixstowe" : "Suffolk",
    "Ferndown" : "Dorset",
    "Ferryhill" : "Durham",
    "Filey" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Filton" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Finchley" : "Greater London",
    "Fleet" : "Hampshire",
    "Fleetwood" : "Lancashire",
    "Flitwick" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Folkestone" : "Kent",
    "Fordbridge" : "West Midlands",
    "Fordingbridge" : "Hampshire",
    "Fordwich" : "Kent",
    "Fowey" : "Cornwall",
    "Framlingham" : "Suffolk",
    "Frinton and Walton" : "Essex",
    "Frodsham" : "Cheshire",
    "Frome" : "Somerset",
    "Gainsborough" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Garstang" : "Lancashire",
    "Gateshead" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "Gillingham" : "Dorset",
    "Gillingham" : "Kent",
    "Glastonbury" : "Somerset",
    "Glossop" : "Derbyshire",
    "Godalming" : "Surrey",
    "Godmanchester" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Goole" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Gorleston-on-Sea" : "Norfolk",
    "Gosport" : "Hampshire",
    "Grange-over-Sands" : "Cumbria",
    "Grantham" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Grassington" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Gravesend" : "Kent",
    "Grays" : "Essex",
    "Great Dunmow" : "Essex",
    "Great Torrington" : "Devon",
    "Great Yarmouth" : "Norfolk",
    "Greater Willington" : "Durham",
    "Grimsby" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Guildford" : "Surrey",
    "Guisborough" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Hadleigh" : "Suffolk",
    "Hailsham" : "East Sussex",
    "Halesowen" : "West Midlands",
    "Halesworth" : "Suffolk",
    "Halewood" : "Merseyside",
    "Halifax" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Halstead" : "Essex",
    "Haltwhistle" : "Northumberland",
    "Redenhall with Harleston" : "Norfolk",
    "Harlow" : "Essex",
    "Harpenden" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Harrogate" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Harrow" : "Greater London",
    "Hartland" : "Devon",
    "Hartlepool" : "Durham",
    "Harwich" : "Essex",
    "Harworth and Bircotes" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Haslemere" : "Surrey",
    "Haslingden" : "Lancashire",
    "Hastings" : "East Sussex",
    "Hatfield" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Hatfield" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Hatherleigh" : "Devon",
    "Havant" : "Hampshire",
    "Haverhill" : "Suffolk",
    "Hawkinge" : "Kent",
    "Haxby" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Hawes" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Hayle" : "Cornwall",
    "Haywards Heath" : "West Sussex",
    "Heanor and Loscoe" : "Derbyshire",
    "Heathfield" : "East Sussex",
    "Hebden Royd" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Hedge End" : "Hampshire",
    "Hednesford" : "Staffordshire",
    "Hedon" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Helmsley" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Helston" : "Cornwall",
    "Hemel Hempstead" : "Hertfordshire ",
    "Hemsworth" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Hendon" : "Greater London",
    "Henley-in-Arden" : "Warwickshire",
    "Henley-on-Thames" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Hertford" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Hessle" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Hetton" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "Hexham" : "Northumberland",
    "Heywood" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Higham Ferrers" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Highbridge" : "Somerset",
    "Highworth" : "Wiltshire",
    "High Wycombe" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Hinckley" : "Leicestershire",
    "Hingham" : "Norfolk",
    "Hitchin" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Hoddesdon" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Holbeach" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Holsworthy" : "Devon",
    "Holt" : "Norfolk",
    "Honiton" : "Devon",
    "Horley" : "Surrey",
    "Horncastle" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Hornsea" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Hornsey" : "Greater London",
    "Horsforth" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Horsham" : "West Sussex",
    "Horwich" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Houghton Regis" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Hounslow" : "Greater London",
    "Howden" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Huddersfield" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Hungerford" : "Berkshire",
    "Hunstanton" : "Norfolk",
    "Huntingdon" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Hyde" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Hythe" : "Kent",
    "Ilford" : "Greater London",
    "Ilfracombe" : "Devon",
    "Ilkeston" : "Derbyshire",
    "Ilkley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Ilminster" : "Somerset",
    "Immingham" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Ingleby Barwick" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Ipswich" : "Suffolk",
    "Irthlingborough" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Isleworth" : "Greater London",
    "Ivybridge" : "Devon",
    "Jarrow" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "Keighley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Kempston" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Kendal" : "Cumbria",
    "Kenilworth" : "Warwickshire",
    "Kesgrave" : "Suffolk",
    "Keswick" : "Cumbria",
    "Kettering" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Keynsham" : "Somerset",
    "Kidderminster" : "Worcestershire",
    "Kidsgrove" : "Staffordshire",
    "Kimberley" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Kings Lynn" : "Norfolk",
    "Kingsbridge" : "Devon",
    "Kingsteignton" : "Devon",
    "Kingston-upon-Thames" : "Greater London",
    "Kington" : "Herefordshire",
    "Kirkby-in-Ashfield" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Kirkby Lonsdale" : "Cumbria",
    "Kirkby Stephen" : "Cumbria",
    "Kirkbymoorside" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Kirkham" : "Lancashire",
    "Kirton-in-Lindsey" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Knaresborough" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Knutsford" : "Cheshire",
    "Langport" : "Somerset",
    "Launceston" : "Cornwall",
    "Leatherhead" : "Surrey",
    "Lechlade" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Ledbury" : "Herefordshire",
    "Leek" : "Staffordshire",
    "Leigh" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Leighton-Linslade" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Leigh-on-Sea" : "Essex",
    "Leiston" : "Suffolk",
    "Leominster" : "Herefordshire",
    "Letchworth Garden City" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Lewes" : "East Sussex",
    "Leyburn" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Leyland" : "Lancashire",
    "Leyton" : "Greater London",
    "Liskeard" : "Cornwall",
    "Littlehampton" : "West Sussex",
    "Loddon" : "Norfolk",
    "Loftus" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Long Sutton" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Longridge" : "Lancashire",
    "Longtown" : "Cumbria",
    "Looe" : "Cornwall",
    "Lostwithiel" : "Cornwall",
    "Loughborough" : "Leicestershire",
    "Loughton" : "Essex",
    "Louth" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Lowestoft" : "Suffolk",
    "Ludgershall" : "Wiltshire",
    "Ludlow" : "Shropshire",
    "Luton" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Lutterworth" : "Leicestershire",
    "Lydd" : "Kent",
    "Lydney" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Lyme Regis" : "Dorset",
    "Lymington" : "Hampshire",
    "Lynton & Lynmouth" : "Devon",
    "Lytchett Minster & Upton" : "Dorset",
    "Lytham St Annes" : "Lancashire",
    "Mablethorpe and Sutton" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Macclesfield" : "Cheshire",
    "Madeley" : "Shropshire",
    "Maghull" : "Merseyside",
    "Maidenhead" : "Berkshire",
    "Maidstone" : "Kent",
    "Maldon" : "Essex",
    "Malmesbury" : "Wiltshire",
    "Maltby" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Malton" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Malvern" : "Worcestershire",
    "Manningtree" : "Essex",
    "Mansfield" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Marazion" : "Cornwall",
    "March" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Margate" : "Kent",
    "Market Bosworth" : "Leicestershire",
    "Market Deeping" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Market Drayton" : "Shropshire",
    "Market Harborough" : "Leicestershire",
    "Market Rasen" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Market Weighton" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Marlborough" : "Wiltshire",
    "Marlow" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Maryport" : "Cumbria",
    "Masham" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Matlock" : "Derbyshire",
    "Medlar-with-Wesham" : "Lancashire",
    "Melksham" : "Wiltshire",
    "Meltham" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Melton Mowbray" : "Leicestershire",
    "Mere" : "Wiltshire",
    "Mexborough" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Middleham" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Middlesbrough" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Middleton" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Middlewich" : "Cheshire",
    "Midhurst" : "West Sussex",
    "Midsomer Norton" : "Somerset",
    "Mildenhall" : "Suffolk",
    "Millom" : "Cumbria",
    "Minchinhampton" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Minehead" : "Somerset",
    "Minster" : "Kent",
    "Mirfield" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Mitcham" : "Greater London",
    "Mitcheldean" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Modbury" : "Devon",
    "Morecambe" : "Lancashire",
    "Moretonhampstead" : "Devon",
    "Moreton-in-Marsh" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Morley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Morpeth" : "Northumberland",
    "Mossley" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Much Wenlock" : "Shropshire",
    "Nailsea" : "Somerset",
    "Nailsworth" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Nantwich" : "Cheshire",
    "Needham Market" : "Suffolk",
    "Nelson" : "Lancashire",
    "Neston" : "Cheshire",
    "New Alresford" : "Hampshire",
    "New Malden" : "Greater London",
    "New Mills" : "Derbyshire",
    "New Milton" : "Hampshire",
    "New Romney" : "Kent",
    "Newark-on-Trent" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Newbiggin-by-the-Sea" : "Northumberland",
    "Newbury" : "Berkshire",
    "Newcastle-under-Lyme" : "Staffordshire",
    "Newent" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Newhaven" : "East Sussex",
    "Newlyn" : "Cornwall",
    "Newmarket" : "Suffolk",
    "Newport" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Newport" : "Shropshire",
    "Newport Pagnell" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Newquay" : "Cornwall",
    "Newton Abbot" : "Devon",
    "Newton Aycliffe" : "County Durham",
    "Newton-le-Willows" : "Merseyside",
    "Normanton" : "West Yorkshire",
    "North Hykeham" : "Lincolnshire",
    "North Petherton" : "Somerset",
    "North Tawton" : "Devon",
    "North Walsham" : "Norfolk",
    "Northallerton" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Northam" : "Devon",
    "Northampton" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Northfleet" : "Kent",
    "Northleach with Eastington" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Northwich" : "Cheshire",
    "Norton-on-Derwent" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Nuneaton" : "Warwickshire",
    "Oakengates" : "Shropshire",
    "Oakham" : "Rutland",
    "Okehampton" : "Devon",
    "Oldbury" : "West Midlands",
    "Oldham" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Ollerton and Boughton" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Olney" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Ongar" : "Essex",
    "Orford" : "Suffolk",
    "Ormskirk" : "Lancashire",
    "Orpington" : "Greater London",
    "Ossett" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Oswestry" : "Shropshire",
    "Otley" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Ottery St Mary" : "Devon",
    "Oundle" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Paddock Wood" : "Kent",
    "Padiham" : "Lancashire",
    "Padstow" : "Cornwall",
    "Paignton" : "Devon",
    "Painswick" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Partington" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Patchway" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Pateley Bridge" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Peacehaven" : "East Sussex",
    "Penistone" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Penkridge" : "Staffordshire",
    "Penrith" : "Cumbria",
    "Penryn" : "Cornwall",
    "Penwortham" : "Lancashire",
    "Penzance" : "Cornwall",
    "Pershore" : "Worcestershire",
    "Peterlee" : "Durham",
    "Petersfield" : "Hampshire",
    "Petworth" : "West Sussex",
    "Pickering" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Plympton" : "Devon",
    "Pocklington" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Polegate" : "East Sussex",
    "Pontefract" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Ponteland" : "Northumberland",
    "Poole" : "Dorset",
    "Porthleven" : "Cornwall",
    "Portishead and North Weston" : "Somerset",
    "Portland" : "Dorset",
    "Potton" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Poynton-with-Worth" : "Cheshire",
    "Preesall" : "Lancashire",
    "Prescot" : "Merseyside",
    "Princes Risborough" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Prudhoe" : "Northumberland",
    "Pudsey" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Purley" : "Greater London",
    "Quedgeley" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Queenborough-in-Sheppey" : "Kent",
    "Radstock" : "Somerset",
    "Ramsey" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Ramsgate" : "Kent",
    "Raunds" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Rawtenstall" : "Lancashire",
    "Rayleigh" : "Essex",
    "Reading" : "Berkshire",
    "Redcar" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Redditch" : "Worcestershire",
    "Redhill" : "Surrey",
    "Redruth" : "Cornwall",
    "Reepham" : "Norfolk",
    "Reigate" : "Surrey",
    "Richmond" : "Greater London",
    "Richmond" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Ringwood" : "Hampshire",
    "Ripley" : "Derbyshire",
    "Rochdale" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Rochester" : "Kent2",
    "Rochford" : "Essex",
    "Romford" : "Greater London",
    "Romsey" : "Hampshire",
    "Ross-on-Wye" : "Herefordshire",
    "Rothbury" : "Northumberland",
    "Rotherham" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Rothwell" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Rothwell" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Rowley Regis" : "West Midlands",
    "Royal Leamington Spa" : "Warwickshire",
    "Royal Tunbridge Wells" : "Kent",
    "Royal Wootton Bassett" : "Wiltshire",
    "Royston" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Rugby" : "Warwickshire",
    "Rugeley" : "Staffordshire",
    "Rushden" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Ryde" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Rye" : "East Sussex",
    "Saffron Walden" : "Essex",
    "St Austell" : "Cornwall",
    "St Blaise" : "Cornwall",
    "St Columb Major" : "Cornwall",
    "St Helens" : "Merseyside",
    "St Ives" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "St Ives" : "Cornwall",
    "St Just-in-Penwith" : "Cornwall",
    "St Mary Cray" : "Greater London",
    "St Mawes" : "Cornwall",
    "St Neots" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Salcombe" : "Devon",
    "Sale" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Saltash" : "Cornwall",
    "Sandbach" : "Cheshire",
    "Sandhurst" : "Berkshire",
    "Sandiacre" : "Derbyshire",
    "Sandown" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Sandwich" : "Kent",
    "Sandy" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Sawbridgeworth" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Saxmundham" : "Suffolk",
    "Scarborough" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Scunthorpe" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Seaford" : "East Sussex",
    "Seaham" : "Durham",
    "Seaton" : "Devon",
    "Sedbergh" : "Cumbria",
    "Sedgefield" : "County Durham",
    "Selby" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Selsey" : "West Sussex",
    "Settle" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Sevenoaks" : "Kent",
    "Shaftesbury" : "Dorset",
    "Shanklin" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Shefford" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Shepshed" : "Leicestershire",
    "Shepton Mallet" : "Somerset",
    "Sherborne" : "Dorset",
    "Sheringham" : "Norfolk",
    "Shifnal" : "Shropshire",
    "Shildon" : "Durham",
    "Shipston-on-Stour" : "Warwickshire",
    "Shirebrook" : "Derbyshire",
    "Shoreham-by-Sea" : "West Sussex",
    "Shrewsbury" : "Shropshire",
    "Sidmouth" : "Devon",
    "Silloth" : "Cumbria",
    "Silsden" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Sittingbourne" : "Kent",
    "Skegness" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Skelmersdale" : "Lancashire",
    "Skelton-in-Cleveland" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Skipton" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Sleaford" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Slough" : "Berkshire",
    "Smethwick" : "West Midlands",
    "Snaith and Cowick" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Snodland" : "Kent",
    "Soham" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Solihull" : "West Midlands",
    "Somerton" : "Somerset",
    "South Brent" : "Devon",
    "South Cave" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "South Elmsall" : "West Yorkshire",
    "South Kirkby and Moorthorpe" : "West Yorkshire",
    "South Molton" : "Devon",
    "South Shields" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "South Woodham Ferrers" : "Essex",
    "Southam" : "Warwickshire",
    "Southall" : "Greater London",
    "Southborough" : "Kent",
    "Southend-on-Sea" : "Essex",
    "Southgate" : "Greater London",
    "Southminster" : "Essex",
    "Southport" : "Merseyside",
    "Southsea" : "Hampshire",
    "Southwell" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Southwick" : "Hampshire",
    "Southwold" : "Suffolk",
    "Spalding" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Spennymoor" : "Durham",
    "Spilsby" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Sprowston" : "Norfolk",
    "Stafford" : "Staffordshire",
    "Staines-upon-Thames" : "Surrey",
    "Stainforth" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Stalbridge" : "Dorset",
    "Stalham" : "Norfolk",
    "Stalybridge" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Stamford" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Stanley" : "Durham",
    "Stanhope" : "Durham",
    "Stapleford" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Staveley" : "Derbyshire",
    "Stevenage" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Steyning" : "West Sussex",
    "Stockport" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Stocksbridge" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Stockton-on-Tees" : "Durham/North Yorkshire",
    "Stone" : "Staffordshire",
    "Stonehouse" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Stony Stratford" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Stotfold" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Stourbridge" : "West Midlands",
    "Stourport-on-Severn" : "Worcestershire",
    "Stowmarket" : "Suffolk",
    "Stow-on-the-Wold" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Stratford-upon-Avon" : "Warwickshire",
    "Stretford" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Strood" : "Kent",
    "Stroud" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Sturminster Newton" : "Dorset",
    "Sudbury" : "Suffolk",
    "Surbiton" : "Greater London",
    "Sutton" : "Greater London",
    "Sutton Coldfield" : "West Midlands",
    "Swaffham" : "Norfolk",
    "Swanage" : "Dorset",
    "Swanley" : "Kent",
    "Swanscombe and Greenhithe" : "Kent",
    "Swindon" : "Wiltshire",
    "Syston" : "Leicestershire",
    "Tadcaster" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Tadley" : "Hampshire",
    "Tamworth" : "Staffordshire",
    "Taunton" : "Somerset",
    "Tavistock" : "Devon",
    "Teignmouth" : "Devon",
    "Telscombe" : "East Sussex",
    "Tenbury Wells" : "Worcestershire",
    "Tenterden" : "Kent",
    "Tetbury" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Tewkesbury" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Thame" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Thatcham" : "Berkshire",
    "Thaxted" : "Essex",
    "Thetford" : "Norfolk",
    "Thirsk" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Thornaby-on-Tees" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Thornbury" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Thorne" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Thorpe St Andrew" : "Norfolk",
    "Thrapston" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Tickhill" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Tidworth" : "Wiltshire",
    "Tipton" : "West Midlands",
    "Tiverton" : "Devon",
    "Todmorden" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Tonbridge" : "Kent",
    "Topsham" : "Devon",
    "Torpoint" : "Cornwall",
    "Torquay" : "Devon",
    "Totnes" : "Devon",
    "Tottenham" : "Greater London",
    "Totton and Eling" : "Hampshire",
    "Tow Law" : "Durham",
    "Towcester" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Tring" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Trowbridge" : "Wiltshire",
    "Twickenham" : "Greater London",
    "Tynemouth" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "Uckfield" : "East Sussex",
    "Ulverston" : "Cumbria",
    "Uppingham" : "Rutland",
    "Upton-upon-Severn" : "Worcestershire",
    "Uttoxeter" : "Staffordshire",
    "Uxbridge" : "Greater London",
    "Ventnor" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Verwood" : "Dorset",
    "Wadebridge" : "Cornwall",
    "Wadhurst" : "East Sussex",
    "Wainfleet All Saints" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Wallasey" : "Merseyside",
    "Wallingford" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Wallington" : "Greater London",
    "Wallsend" : "Tyne and Wear",
    "Walsall" : "West Midlands",
    "Waltham Abbey" : "Essex",
    "Waltham Cross" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Walthamstow" : "Greater London",
    "Walton-on-Thames" : "Surrey",
    "Wantage" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Ware" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Wareham" : "Dorset",
    "Warminster" : "Wiltshire",
    "Warrington" : "Cheshire",
    "Warwick" : "Warwickshire",
    "Watchet" : "Somerset",
    "Watford" : "Hertfordshire",
    "Wath-upon-Dearne" : "South Yorkshire",
    "Watlington" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Watton" : "Norfolk",
    "Wellingborough" : "Northamptonshire",
    "Wednesbury" : "West Midlands",
    "Wellington" : "Shropshire",
    "Wellington" : "Somerset",
    "Wells-next-the-Sea" : "Norfolk",
    "Wem" : "Shropshire",
    "Wembley" : "Greater London",
    "Wendover" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "West Bedlington" : "Northumberland",
    "West Bromwich" : "West Midlands",
    "West Ham" : "Greater London",
    "West Malling" : "Kent",
    "West Mersea" : "Essex",
    "West Tilbury" : "Essex",
    "Westbury" : "Wiltshire",
    "Westerham" : "Kent",
    "Westhoughton" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Weston-super-Mare" : "Somerset",
    "Wetherby" : "West Yorkshire",
    "Weybridge" : "Surrey",
    "Weymouth" : "Dorset",
    "Whaley Bridge" : "Derbyshire",
    "Whitby" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Whitchurch" : "Hampshire",
    "Whitchurch" : "Shropshire",
    "Whitehaven" : "Cumbria",
    "Whitehill" : "Hampshire",
    "Whitnash" : "Warwickshire",
    "Whittlesey" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Whitworth" : "Lancashire",
    "Wickham" : "Hampshire",
    "Wickwar" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Widnes" : "Cheshire",
    "Wigan" : "Greater Manchester",
    "Wigton" : "Cumbria",
    "Willenhall" : "West Midlands",
    "Willesden" : "Greater London",
    "Wilton" : "Wiltshire",
    "Wilmslow" : "Cheshire",
    "Wimbledon" : "Greater London",
    "Wimborne Minster" : "Dorset",
    "Wincanton" : "Somerset",
    "Winchcombe" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Winchelsea" : "East Sussex",
    "Windermere" : "Cumbria",
    "Windsor" : "Berkshire",
    "Winsford" : "Cheshire",
    "Winslow" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Winterton" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Wirksworth" : "Derbyshire",
    "Wisbech" : "Cambridgeshire",
    "Witham" : "Essex",
    "Withernsea" : "East Riding of Yorkshire",
    "Witney" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Wiveliscombe" : "Somerset",
    "Wivenhoe" : "Essex",
    "Woburn" : "Bedfordshire",
    "Woburn Sands" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Woking" : "Surrey",
    "Wokingham" : "Berkshire",
    "Wolsingham" : "Durham",
    "Wolverton and Greenleys" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Wood Green" : "Greater London",
    "Woodford" : "Greater London",
    "Woodbridge" : "Suffolk",
    "Woodley" : "Berkshire",
    "Woodstock" : "Oxfordshire",
    "Wooler" : "Northumberland",
    "Workington" : "Cumbria",
    "Worksop" : "Nottinghamshire",
    "Worthing" : "West Sussex",
    "Wotton-under-Edge" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Wragby" : "Lincolnshire",
    "Wymondham" : "Norfolk",
    "Yarm" : "North Yorkshire",
    "Yarmouth" : "Isle of Wight",
    "Yate" : "Gloucestershire",
    "Yateley" : "Hampshire",
    "Yeovil" : "Somerset",
    "Basildon" : "Essex ",
    "Bracknell" : "Berkshire ",
    "Milton Keynes" : "Buckinghamshire",
    "Redditch" : "Worcestershire ",
    "Runcorn" : "Cheshire ",
    "Telford" : "Shropshire",
    "Washington" : "Tyne and Wear ",
    "Welwyn Garden City" : "Hertfordshire"
    }
  • Idioms Translator Prezentation

    Idioms Translator Prezentation

    About the Idiomatic Expressions Translator Project

    (English to Romanian and vice versa)

    Project URL: https://www.webcreative.me/idioms-translator

    The purpose of this web application is to find correspondent Romanian idioms to the ones in the English language and vice-versa.

    I am a web developer, born Romanian but living in the UK for the last 10 years. I started this project a couple of years ago out of personal interest because I could not find anything like this online.

    The project is quite unique, as there is nothing like this on the internet at the moment. You can only find collections of idioms in their respective language or normal words translators/dictionaries that may include references to idioms. Not even the mighty Google can translate idioms.

    The most important features:

    • A properly organized and thoroughly documented translation of the idioms from both languages.
    • The project is interesting and useful in itself for a native English speaker as a perfectly good platform to learn some new English idioms.
    • It contains illustration with pictures and videos where it is possible
    • It supports the integration of the Romanian community in the UK.

    The description, in detail:

    The main purpose of the project is to build a properly organized and thoroughly documented equivalence between the idioms from the two languages.

    This requires a huge amount of time and effort for linguistic research and the development of the software base.

    If we think about it from the point of view of a native English speaker, this project is interesting and useful in itself as a perfectly good platform to learn some new English idioms, having almost 10.000 entries, including explanations and where possible, examples and origin.

    Another important aspect is that in the latest years, Romanian is the second most common non-British nationality in the UK, as it’s declared by the authorities and press.

    Sources:

    https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44235867

    https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/24/romanian-second-most-common-non-british-nationality-uk

    https://www.romania-insider.com/brexit-romanians-uk-march-2020

    So, this project comes to directly support the integration of the Romanian community and to bridge the cultural and linguistic gap that is often found in various cases.

    One more unique feature that I started introducing is the illustration with a video where possible.

    e.g. https://www.webcreative.me/idioms-translator/?ltr=a#A_cut_above

    In conclusion, this work cannot be done while having permanent commitments, so I am asking for support in order to free some time that I can dedicate to this project.

    So if you find this idea interesting and want to help speed up its development, please consider donating.

    My plan for future development:

    – Most importantly, working hard on finding accurate translations/equivalents in Romanian

    – Continuous updating the English idioms with more detailed descriptions, examples, and origins

    – Adding an interactive search option where you can search by word/keyword/tag (done)

    I appreciate any feedback, so feel free to write.

  • XP Pen Artist 22E Pro – Huion Kamvas 20

    XP-Pen Artist22E Pro vs Kamvas Pro 20 (2019)

    Firstname Lastname Email
    John Doe john@example.com
    Mary Moe mary@example.com
    July Dooley july@example.com

  • How to free up space in Ubuntu Linux

    I found myself a lot of times in the situation where my Ubuntu desktop throws the nasty notifications about low space.
    Even though I normally have more than enough space on the hard-drive, sometimes I install all kind of programs and use node/npm packages that fill-up the hard disk space very quickly, so I have to do these cleaning actions once in a while.

    As I presume there are a lot of people in the same situation, I thought it might be helpful to publish this little article with the actions and tools I use to solve this problem.

    Before all, check the free space on Ubuntu

    First of all, we need to actually check how much free space do we have on our Ubuntu machine.
    This is quite easy on Ubuntu. Just use the Disk Usage Analyser tool. It should be installed by default, so search it in the menu and run the tool. You should see the disk space used and the free space remaining in here:

    Now that we know the state of free space on your disk, it’s time to clean up the system and conquer some free space.

    1. Get rid of packages that are no longer required

    We can use the apt-get linux command with the ‘autoremove’ option to clear some unused packages.

    This option removes packages and libraries that were installed automatically to satisfy the dependencies of an installed package. If an installed package is removed, these automatically installed dependent packages are useless in the system.
    It also removes old Linux kernels that were installed from automatically in the system upgrade.
    This is a simple command that you can run once in a while to get some free space on your Ubuntu system:

    sudo apt-get autoremove
    As you can see, this command will free up 330 Mb of free space on my system.

    2. Clean up the APT cache in Ubuntu

    Ubuntu uses APT (Advanced Package Tool) to install, remove and manage the software on the system and in order to do that it keeps a cache of all the downloaded and installed packages even after they’ve been uninstalled.

    The APT package management system keeps a cache of DEB packages in /var/cache/apt/archives. Over time, this cache can grow quite large and hold a lot of packages you don’t need.

    We can see the size of this cache with the du command:

    sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt

    A very useful command for this is the package ‘autoclean’. What autoclean does is remove partial packages from the system. To use autoclean type the following command in a terminal:

    sudo apt-get autoclean

    Then you can use the package ‘clean’ command. What this command does is to clean remove .deb packages that apt caches when you install/update programs. To use the clean command type the following in a terminal window:

    sudo apt-get clean

    3. Uninstall unnecessary applications

    All of us need some entertainment outside of the professional activity, so we keep installing all kind of applications that at some point we forget about or we don’t need anymore.
    Use the Ubuntu Software Center to see all the currently installed apps and uninstall/remove the ones you don’t need or you know you barely use.

    You can also remove a program by package name in terminal using the command below with particular app name (e.g. replace ‘package-name-1’ with the package name you want to remove):

    sudo apt-get remove package-name-1 package-name-2

    4. Clear the Systemd journal logs

    Ubuntu, like every other Linux distribution, has a logging mechanism that allow you to investigate what’s going on in your system. There are kernel logging data, system log messages, standard errors and output for various services in Ubuntu.

    The issue is that in time, these logs can take a great amount of disk space. You can check the log size with this command:

    journalctl --disk-usage

    There are multiple ways to clean systemd journal logs. The easiest is to clear the logs that are older than a certain number of days.

    sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=5d

  • The history of the Internet

    The history of the Internet has its origin in the efforts of wide area networking that originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France.[1] The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock‘s laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).

    Packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols.[2] Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades.[3][4] The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. The design included concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.